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Punishing Japanese collaboration: Have we gone too far? (KOR)

A debate over actor Ha Young's great-grandfather raises questions about how Korea judges colonial-era collaboration.

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Actress Ha Young, whose real name is Ahn Ha-young, appears on the KBS2 variety show “Problem Child in House” (2018–) on Aug. 7. During the program, she said her great-grandfather Ahn Sang-ho had treated Gojong, the last emperor of Korea, and that her family had produced doctors for four generations, remarks that sparked the subsequent controversy.



Shin June-bong


The author is an editorial writer at the JoongAng Ilbo.



Few things raise Koreans’ anger more than seeing pro-Japanese collaborators and their descendants living comfortably without consequence. The recent controversy surrounding actor Ha Young is one example. I believe it reflects a combination of Korea’s deep-rooted anti-Japanese sentiment and the fact that she comes from a family of doctors spanning four generations. The controversy over Ha and her great-grandfather has recently received extensive attention in Korea.

The Special Act on Asset State Confiscation for Pro-Japanese and Anti-National Collaborators to the State, mentioned by President Lee Jae Myung in his Liberation Day address, was also born of public anger. In 1997, a great-grandson of Lee Wan-yong won a lawsuit claiming that land in Bukahyeon-dong, Seoul, then worth about 3 billion won (approximately $3.37 million at the time), had been wrongfully taken from him. After selling the property, he then emigrated to Canada, fueling public outrage.

That anger led to the enactment of the law on confiscating pro-Japanese property in 2005. From 2006 to 2010, the first investigative commission recovered 2,359 parcels of land worth 237.3 billion won from 168 collaborators. The private Institute for Research in Collaborationist Activities also began work in 2001, during the Kim Dae-jung administration, on its three-volume “Dictionary of Pro-Japanese Collaborators” (2009), which listed 4,389 people.

The dictionary itself stirred controversy by including figures such as former President Park Chung Hee and journalist Jang Ji-yeon. Still, it is difficult to dispute that this broader reckoning with the past was a historically necessary rite of passage.

Even so, I am uneasy about the current debate over Ha Young’s great-grandfather, Ahn Sang-ho. My concern is whether judgment of alleged collaboration is sometimes being delivered too hastily.

On Aug. 14, the Institute for Research in Collaborationist Activities issued what amounted to an authoritative interpretation of Ahn’s record. It said Ahn was clearly a pro-Japanese collaborator because he served as a council member of the Taisho Friendship Association, an elite organization that openly advocated naisen yūwa, or “harmony between Japan and Korea,” an assimilationist concept of the colonial era. The institute has publicly characterized Ahn as a collaborator while noting that his activities did not meet its threshold for inclusion in its biographical dictionary.

Yet there are also scholars whose assessments are more nuanced. The Taisho Friendship Association does appear on lists of pro-Japanese organizations. The Special Act on Investigating the Truth of Anti-National Activities under Japanese Colonial Rule, which provided a basis for later property recovery efforts, designated people who actively promoted Japanese-Korean assimilation through social or cultural organizations as subjects for investigation. By that standard, the association qualifies.

But some scholars say that in practice it resembled something closer to today’s Korea-America Friendship Society or a Lions Club. Ahn could certainly be classified and criticized as pro-Japanese because he chose not to distance himself from the colonial authorities when he might have done so. But serving as a council member of the Taisho Friendship Association was not equivalent to serving on the Central Advisory Council, whose members are widely regarded as core collaborators.

If so, is today’s uproar over Ahn excessive?

Broadening the view, I think there are figures in other fields who have been condemned beyond the actual gravity of their collaboration. In literature, poet Seo Jeong-ju, widely known by his pen name Midang, is one example.

Seo appears only in the appendix listing pro-Japanese works in Im Jong-guk’s “Theory of Pro-Japanese Literature” (1966), a work credited with marking a major turning point in the literary reckoning with collaboration. His first poetry collection, “Hwasajip” (1941), had drawn more attention than expected. But when he wrote a total of about 10 pro-Japanese poems and prose pieces from 1942 onward, he was still a young writer in his late 20s.

The principal focus of Im’s study was on major pro-Japanese literary figures such as Yi Kwang-su and Choe Nam-seon. Seo’s collaboration was not examined in a separate section. Even “On New Writers and Others,” which dealt with the collaborationist activities of younger writers, included novelist Kim Dong-ni but not Seo.

Seo himself later discussed the period matter-of-factly in “Shameful Stories,” included in “The Complete Works of Seo Jeong-ju” (1972), published by Iljisa. A line often attributed to him — “I did not know Japan would lose” — does not actually appear there. Yet it has been repeatedly cited when Seo is criticized. Reading the essay, I come away with the impression that Seo was less an ideologically committed collaborator than someone who accommodated the regime to make a living.

Critics point to “Song of Corporal Matsui” (1944), often cited as his representative pro-Japanese poem, arguing that an intellectual like Seo could hardly have failed to foresee Japan’s defeat by December 1944. But there are also those who argue that he may indeed not have known.

Compared to doctors, writers and others who kept their distance from the Japanese colonial regime or actively resisted it, Ahn Sang-ho and Seo Jeong-ju will always deserve criticism. Yet there is also room to take mitigating circumstances into account.

There may be no emotional statute of limitations on punishing pro-Japanese collaboration. At least, that is how it feels today. But if so, must Korean society go through the same convulsion every time a case resembling Ahn’s comes to light?

In his essay “Paths in the Fog” from his work “Testaments Betrayed” (1993), Milan Kundera described human beings as those who move forward through the fog. When turning back to judge people of the past, Kundera said they see no fog on their path — the fog is no longer there.

In 2026, the course of history under Japanese colonial rule can seem self-evident to us. To those who actually lived through it, however, the future was still obscured by fog.

When judging pro-Japanese collaboration in the future, should we not keep that in mind as well?ii



친일 단죄, 지나치지 않나

신준봉 논설위원

친일파와 그 후손이 탈 없이 잘사는 현실은 한국인들의 분노 지수를 한껏 치솟게 한다. 최근 여배우 하영의 경우도 그런 사례. 뿌리 깊은 반일 감정, 4대째 의사 집안이라는 사실이 복합작용한 결과라고 본다. 지난 광복절 축사에서 대통령이 언급한 친일재산귀속법(친일반민족행위자 재산의 국가귀속 등에 관한 특별법)도 국민적 분노에 따른 것이었다. 1997년 이완용의 증손자가 당시 시가로 30억원 상당의 서울 북아현동 땅을 부당하게 뺏겼다며 제기한 소송에서 승소한 후 땅을 팔아치우고 캐나다로 이민가자 여론이 들끓었다. 2005년 친일재산귀속법 제정, 그에 따른 2006~2010년 1차 친일재산환수 조사위원회의 활동을 통해 친일파 168명으로부터 2359필지, 2373억원 상당의 재산을 환수했다. 민간단체인 민족문제연구소의 2009년 『친일인명사전』(전 3권, 4389명 수록) 발간도 DJ 정부 시절인 2001년 시작된 것이다.

『친일인명사전』의 경우 박정희·장지연 등이 포함돼 논란을 빚었다. 하지만 일련의 과거사 청산 작업이 역사적으로 꼭 필요한 통과 의례라는 사실에 토 달기는 어렵다. 그럼에도 불구하고 하영 증조부 안상호의 친일 논란을 바라보는 마음은 편치 않다. 친일 단죄가 성급하게 이뤄지는 건 아닌가 하는 의구심에서다.

민족문제연구소는 14일 안상호의 친일 행적에 대한 ‘유권 해석’을 내렸다. 안상호가 평의원으로 참여했던 대정친목회가 내선융화(內鮮融化)를 표방한, 논란의 여지 없는 친일 엘리트 모임이었기 때문에 안상호는 명백한 친일 행위자라고 했다.

하지만 학계에는 온도 차가 느껴지는 의견도 적지 않다. 대정친목회가 친일 단체 목록에 올라 있기는 하다. 친일재산 환수의 근거가 된 ‘일제강점하 반민족행위 진상규명에 관한 특별법’은 사회·문화 기관·단체를 통해 내선융화를 적극 주도한 자를 진상 규명 대상으로 규정하는데, 대정친목회가 그런 단체라는 것이다. 그러나 실제로는 지금으로 치면 한미우호협회나 라이온스클럽 비슷한 단체였다고 보는 학자들도 있다. 일제와 밀착하지 않고 살 수도 있었을 텐데 마다치 않았다는 점에서 친일파로 분류할 수 있고 당연히 비판도 할 수 있지만 대정친목회 평의원이 가령 이견 없이 핵심 친일파로 분류되는 중추원 참의 정도의 위상은 아니었다는 것이다. 그렇다면 지금의 검증 소동은 과도한 것 아닌가.

시야를 넓혀 보면 다른 분야에서도 ‘친일의 죄과’ 이상으로 비판받는 경우가 적지 않다고 생각한다. 문학계에서는 미당 서정주 시인을 그런 사례로 꼽고 싶다. 미당은 문학계 친일 청산의 일획을 그었다는 평가를 받는 임종국의 『친일문학론』(1966)의 부록에 친일 작품 목록이 올라 있을 뿐이다. 첫 시집 『화사집』에 대한 반응이 기대 이상이었다고는 하지만 1942년 이후 그가 도합 10편의 친일 시·산문 등을 작성할 당시 그는 20대 후반의 신인이었다. 이광수·최남선 등 거물 친일 문인이 초점이었지 그의 친일 행적을 별도로 다루지 않았다. 젊은 작가들을 묶어 친일 행적을 소개한 ‘신인작가론 기타’에도 소설가 김동리는 들어 있어도 서정주의 이름은 없다. 미당은 1972년 일지사에서 출간한 『서정주 문학 전집』에 실린 ‘창피한 이야기들’에서 친일 시를 썼던 때를 담담하게 털어놓았다. 실제로 그런 문장이 없는 데도 ‘일본이 망할 줄은 몰랐다’고 썼다고 와전돼 미당을 비판할 때 단골 거론되지만, 글을 읽어 보면 그는 작심한 친일파라기보다 생계형이었다는 느낌을 받게 된다. 대표적인 친일시로 거론되는 ‘송정오장(松井伍長) 송가(頌歌)’를 쓴 1944년 12월 미당 같은 지식인이 일본의 패망을 예감하지 못했을 리 없다는 비판도 있지만, 몰랐을 수 있다는 이견도 있다. 의사든 시인이든 일제와 거리를 뒀거나 적극적으로 반일한 사례에 견주면 안상호·서정주는 언제나 비판받아야겠지만 정상참작의 여지는 있는 것이다.

친일 단죄의 감정적 시효는 없을 것이다. 적어도 지금은 그렇게 느껴진다. 그렇다면 안상호 비슷한 사례가 불거질 때마다 지금 같은 홍역을 치러야 하나. 밀란 쿤데라의 산문 ‘안갯속의 길들’에 이런 문장이 있다.

“인간은 안갯속을 나아가는 자다. 그러나 과거의 사람들을 심판하기 위해 뒤돌아볼 때는 그들의 길 위에서 어떤 안개도 보지 못한다. (…) 안개가 더는 거기에 없다.”(『배신당한 유언들』)

2026년에는 더 이상 자명할 수 없게 느껴지는 일제 강점기 역사의 향방이 당시 사람들에게는 안갯속이었다. 앞으로 친일 단죄 때 그런 점을 염두에 둬야 하지 않을까.

This article was originally written in Korean and translated by a bilingual reporter with the help of generative AI tools. It was then edited by a native English-speaking editor. All AI-assisted translations are reviewed and refined by our newsroom.