Editorials
Chip-fueled budget should pay down debt (KOR)
Korea’s record 820.9 trillion won ($598 billion) budget should use semiconductor-driven tax gains to reduce debt and prepare for a downturn.
Planning and Budget Minister Park Hong-keun briefs the Cabinet on the government’s 2027 budget proposal during a meeting chaired by President Lee Jae Myung at the Blue House on Sept. 1.
YONHAP
The government has finalized an 820.9 trillion won ($598 billion) budget for next year, buoyed by the semiconductor boom. Spending is up 12.8 percent, or 93 trillion won, from this year’s original budget, an unprecedented expansion. Outlays will rise sharply for three so-called megaprojects, including a semiconductor complex in the southwestern region, as well as research and development, youth employment and defense.
The government expects total revenue to surge 30.4 percent, or 205.6 trillion won, to 880.8 trillion won as corporate and income tax receipts increase. That windfall underpins the spending spree. The question is how long the semiconductor boom will last.
Gray rhinos capable of shaking Korea’s economy lurk across the global landscape. Warnings are already growing that the chip cycle may be approaching a peak. Big Tech companies building AI data centers are borrowing heavily through corporate bonds and other financing. Meanwhile, a U.S. national debt exceeding $40 trillion is adding to global financial uncertainty.
If persistent inflation forces the Federal Reserve to raise interest rates further, Korea could face an economic shock comparable to the 2008 global financial crisis or the southern European debt crisis of 2010.
That makes a strong fiscal buffer all the more necessary. With more than 100 trillion won in corporate tax revenue expected from semiconductor companies alone, the government plans to establish a 162.3 trillion won Future Response Fund. Of that, 45.4 trillion won will be incorporated into budget spending and 12.5 trillion won used to reduce new government bond issuance. The remainder, 104.4 trillion won, will be held in reserve.
The danger is that this enormous reserve could become a discretionary purse that the administration taps whenever politically convenient.
The government expects expansionary fiscal policy to lift potential growth and ease polarization. Yet behind those ambitions are wasteful and one-off expenditures, including the addition of 3,851 government employees and various cash benefits.
Officials say spending restructuring worth about 100 trillion won and faster growth will reduce the national debt-to-GDP ratio from 51.6 percent to 48.3 percent. But spending, once increased, is notoriously difficult to reverse. Revenue generated by a cyclical industry should not be treated as if it were a permanent addition to the government’s tax base. A downturn could quickly expose the fiscal risks created by recurring commitments.
During its budget deliberations, the National Assembly should require that a substantial portion of the Future Response Fund’s reserves be used to repay national debt. The time to prepare for a crisis is when the government still has flexibility and room to maneuver.
반도체 특수 기댄 821조 예산…여유 있을 때 나랏빚 갚아야
정부가 반도체 호황에 기댄 820조9000억원 규모의 내년 예산을 확정했다. 올해 본예산 대비 12.8%(93조원) 불어난 ‘울트라 예산’이다. 호남 반도체 공장 등 3대 메가프로젝트를 비롯해 연구개발·청년고용·국방비 등에서 정부 지출이 대폭 늘어난다. 정부는 법인세와 소득세가 늘면서 내년 총수입이 올해보다 30.4%(205조6000억원) 증가한 880조8000억원에 달할 것으로 봤다. 이를 토대로 거침없는 지출에 나서는 것인데, 문제는 반도체 특수의 지속성 여부다.
글로벌 경제엔 한국 경제를 언제든 뒤흔들 회색 코뿔소가 곳곳에 도사리고 있다. 당장 반도체 호황의 피크아웃 경고음이 커지고 있다. 인공지능(AI) 데이터센터 건설에 나선 빅테크들이 회사채 등 대규모 차입을 하고 있고, 설상가상으로 40조 달러를 돌파한 미국의 국가부채도 글로벌 금융 불안을 증폭시키고 있다. 물가 상승으로 미 연방준비제도가 기준금리 추가 인상에 나선다면 한국은 2008년 금융위기와 2010년 남유럽 재정위기 못지않은 경제 충격에 직면할 수 있다.
이럴 때일수록 튼튼한 재정 방파제가 필요하다. 반도체 기업 법인세로만 100조원 넘는 세수를 얻게 된 정부는 162조3000억원 규모의 미래대응기금을 설립한다. 이 중 45조4000억원은 예산에 포함하고 국채 신규 발행 축소에 12조5000억원을 쓴 뒤 나머지는 여유자금으로 두기로 했다. 104조4000억원의 비상금이 생기는 셈이다. 문제는 이 막대한 여유자금이 정권이 필요에 따라 마음대로 꺼내 쓰는 쌈짓돈처럼 운용될 가능성이다.
정부는 확장 재정으로 잠재성장률 반등과 양극화 완화를 기대하고 있다. 그러나 이 거창한 구호 속에 국가공무원 3851명 증원을 비롯해 방만한 지출과 일회성·현금성 지출이 곳곳에 숨어 있다. 정부는 100조원 규모의 지출 구조조정과 성장률 상승으로 국내총생산 대비 국가채무 비율이 51.6%에서 48.3%로 낮아질 것으로 낙관한다. 그러나 한번 늘어난 지출은 좀처럼 줄어들지 않는 법이다.
This article was originally written in Korean and translated by a bilingual reporter with the help of generative AI tools. It was then edited by a native English-speaking editor. All AI-assisted translations are reviewed and refined by our newsroom.